Worry and rumination have a series of negative consequences

Negative consequences of worry

Worry has several negative consequences. Experimental inductions of worry have been shown to produce short-term increments in negative intrusive thoughts. Worrying briefly about a self-selected concern leads to increases in both anxiety and depression in non-clinical samples.

The effects of worry on negative intrusive images following exposure to laboratoryinduced stress were examined. Participants were assigned randomly to one of five experimental conditions: (1) worry about the film and its implications in verbal form, (2) image about the film and its implications, (3) engage in a distraction task consisting of letter cancellation, (4) worry about the things they usually worry about, and (5) settle down.

At the end of the experimental manipulation, participants were asked to record the occurrence of negative intrusive images about the film over the next three days. Worrying about the stressor led to significantly greater negative intrusive thoughts over the next three days than the other conditions, suggesting that worry affects the process of recovery from stressful and anxiety-provoking events. Worry has been found to predict both anxious and depressive symptomatology in people with post-traumatic stress disorder.

Negative consequences of rumination

The negative consequences of dysphoric or depressive rumination have been studied extensively and this has led to a large volume of research. Investigators have assessed individual differences in rumination using measures of rumination such as the Ruminative Responses Scale and then have related scores to other variables of interest in prospective and cross-sectional designs.

The key consequences associated with rumination are: (1) negative affect and depressive symptoms, (2) negatively biased thinking, (3) poor problem-solving, (4) impaired motivation and inhibition of instrumental behaviour, (5) impaired concentration and cognition, and (6) increased stress and specific problems. Rumination has been shown to delay recovery from depression during cognitive-behavioural treatment.

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