Microcirculation and the veins of the lower limb (02/18/2011)
(...) However, they differ from arteries in a number of important details. The endothelium of the intima, secretes factor VIII, prostacyclins and fibrinolytic activator. Recurrent spontaneous thrombosis occurs in patients with inherited or acquired abnormalities in some of these mechanisms. (...)

The small saphenous vein and the perforating veins (02/18/2011)
(...) Ulceration on the lateral surface of the ankle is almost always associated with incompetence of the small saphenous vein. The great and small saphenous veins have relatively thick muscle coats, but the walls of their tributaries are thin and more likely to dilate and become varicose. The perforating veins are those veins, other than the long and short saphenous, which penetrate the deep fascia, passing from superficial to deep. (...)

Intraoral Tumors: Etiologic factors, pathology and surgical approach (02/14/2011)
(...) The need to biopsy every leukoplakic area is controversial. Innovative squamous cell carcinomas are endophytic (ulcerated, deeply infiltrating). They may also be exophytic (projecting outward). (...)

Salivary gland tumors: Parotid gland and the submandibular and sublingual glands (02/14/2011)
(...) The most typical tumor from the parotid is the benign pleomorphic adenoma (benign mixed tumor). They are treated by superficial parotidectomy (unless the tumor is in the deep lobe which is rare). If incompletely resected, they are able to recur and become locally invasive. (...)

Acute auricular trauma: Otohematoma, burns, lacerations and auricular deformities (02/14/2011)
(...) Adequate healing time should be allowed, along with a maximal amount of viable cartilage should be salvaged just before reconstruction. Should chondritis occur, systemic antibiotics should be administered. Severe infections may need incision, drainage and debridement of skin and cartilage. (...)

Eyelid reconstruction: Surgical excision of eyelid tumors (02/14/2011)
(...) Eyelid layers have been arbitrarily divided into the anterior and posterior lamellae. The anterior lamella offers the skin and orbicularis oculi muscle while the posterior lamella offers the tarsus, eyelid retractors and conjunctiva. The tarsal plates contain vertically oriented Meibomian glands that exit on the lid margin. (...)

Eyelid lesions and lower eyelid reconstruction (02/14/2011)
(...) Lower Eyelid Reconstruction Partial-thickness defects from the lower eyelid may involve just skin or a combination of skin and orbicularis muscle. The reconstructive options for these defects include primary closure, local flap, full-thickness graft and split-thickness graft. Small defects usually can be closed primarily thereby avoiding excessive tension that can lead to ectropion (eversion of the eyelid). (...)

Upper eyelid reconstruction: Skin grafts or local flaps (02/14/2011)
(...) Full-thickness defects from the upper eyelid are addressed by primary closure, a semicircular flap or the Cutler-Beard flap. These methods are the same methods for correction of lower eyelid defects. However, because constant blinking causes significant surface interaction between your upper eyelid and the cornea, inner irregularities in the upper eyelid are less forgiving. (...)

Operative technique for nasal reconstruction surgery (02/14/2011)
(...) Locoregional Flaps The relatively mobile skin from the nasal dorsum and sidewalls can be used in an average V-Y advancement fashion for small defects. The bilobe and rhomboid flaps can be used to address small defects from the nasal dorsum and sidewall, but in practice often generate distorting dog ears which must be well planned so they won't distort the standard contours of the nasal surface. The skin from the glabellar region can be mobilized in an advancement, V-Y, or transposition fashion to address defects from the upper third of the dorsum or sidewall. (...)

Lip lesions: Vermilion and commissure reconstruction (02/14/2011)
(...) It forms the transition zone between skin and mucosa of the inner mouth. Defects involving the vermilion ranges from superficial, such as leukoplakia in which there is limited compromise from the integument, to significant, in which tissue deficit extends to deeper muscle and mucosal tissue. Although small defects of the vermilion can be primarily closed or left alone to heal by secondary intention, larger defects require reconstruction. (...)

Facial nerve and facial reanimation: Superficial musculoaponeurotic (02/14/2011)
(...) In the temporal region, the facial nerve travels inside the temporoparietal fascia. Thus, it might be apparent why facelifts are performed in the subcutaneous or sub-SMAS planes. Span of the Extracranial Facial Nerve The facial nerve enters the face upon exiting the stylomastoid foramen. (...)

Abbe flap used in plastic reconstructive surgery of the lips (02/14/2011)
(...) Thus, how big the oral aperture remains the same as if the lip defect is closed primarily. The goal is to recruit enough unaffected lip tissue to balance the discrepancy in lip lengths after a medium-sized excision. A wedge-shaped pedicle flap is harvested in the opposite lip. (...)

Mandible reconstruction: Anatomy and timing of reconstructive procedures (02/14/2011)
(...) The horizontal region (your body of the mandible) then continues on in a curvilinear fashion to incorporate the symphyseal regions. Each part of the mandible poses unique reconstructive challanges. The condyle may be the foundation of the TMJ joint. (...)

Facial paralysis: Nerve grafting and nerve transfer (02/14/2011)
(...) The classic teaching is that peripheral nerve axons regrow at a rate of about 1 mm daily. However, this does not look at the time required for the reinnervated muscle to regain tone and function. For most patients, return of facial movement takes 1-2 years depending on the entire graft. (...)

Frontal sinus fractures complications include meningitis (02/14/2011)
(...) The sinus invades the frontal bone by about 5 many years of age and slowly grows to achieve adult amount of 6-7 ml by late adolescence. The sinus is roughly pyramid-shaped with its apex inferiorly and it is base superiorly. An intrasinus septum is generally present and also the distal borders from the sinus often spread to form an irregular pattern, making mucosal removal difficult during frontal sinus obliteration. (...)

Anterior and posterior table fractures: Clinical approach (02/14/2011)
(...) 3 mm titanium adaptation plates is enough. Plating is preferable over wiring because wiring has a tendency to flatten the standard arched contour of the frontal bone. In the management of severely comminuted fractures with bone loss, an attempt is made to achieve maximal bone preservation. (...)

Orbital fractures diagnosis and graft material for reconstruction (02/14/2011)
(...) The force is passed on to the thin orbital floor which cannot adequately resist the force and fractures. Associated Injuries A wide range of associated ocular and periocular injuries have been reported in the literature (2-93%). Interestingly, the reported rate of associated injury is much lower for nonophthalmologist (2-25%) compared to ophthamologists (9-93%). (...)

Immune system and function of lymphocytes (01/18/2011)
(...) Dozens of monoclonal antibodies have been produced that react with cell surface antigens, enabling identification of B- and T-cell subsets as well as distinction of cells by their stages of differentiation. Cell surface molecules identified by monoclonal antibodies and subsequently cloned are known as clusters of differentiation (CD) and are numbered sequentially. For example, CD19 is associated with mature B cells, whereas CD3 signifies activated T cells. (...)

Phylogenetic development of the immune system and ontogenetic improvement (01/18/2011)
(...) Ontogenetic improvement In mature mammals, the main lymphoid organs are the thymus and bone marrow. During fetal development the liver is one of the main organs of lymphoid improvement. In early fetal development, lymphocyte precursors are derived from the fetal yolk sac. (...)

Stinging insect allergy: reactions as pain and burning (01/18/2011)
(...) Infection at the website of the sting is quite uncommon and takes more than 48 hours to develop (usually after excoriation of the site). Large nearby reactions aren't usually dangerous, but in the head and neck area they could trigger delayed localized compression of the airway, particularly in the situation of a sting on the tongue or pharynx. Systemic reactions may cause any one or more of the signs and signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis. (...)

Anthocyanins found in berries and cancer prevention (01/13/2011)
(...) The most commonly consumed berry fruits in North America include strawberries, blueberries, cranberries, red raspberries, blackberries, and black raspberries. Anthocyanins belong to the class of flavonoid compounds and are commonly known as plant polyphenols. The anthocyanin pigments consist of two or three main chemical units: the flavylium ring or aglycone base (anthocyanidin), sugars, and sometimes acylating groups. (...)

Berry anthocyanin rich extracts have antiproliferative effects on cancer cells (01/13/2011)
(...) Several studies have shown that the inhibition of cell proliferation by anthocyanins or anthocyanin-rich extracts was more pronounced on carcinoma cells than on immortalized normal cells. It was found that anthocyaninrich extracts inhibited the growth of HT29 cells with little or no effects on normal colonic cell growth when added to the media in the same concentrations. Flavonoid fractions of a red grape wine showed their selective cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells with relatively low effect towards normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) and non-tumorigenic MCF-10A cells. (...)

Pure anthocyanins show effective chemoprevention towards tumorigenesis (01/13/2011)
(...) The possible chemopreventive effects of berry fruits (blueberries, blackberries, and cranberries) were compared with other fruit types (plums, mangoes, pomegranate, and watermelon) on AOM-induced ACF in F344 male rats. Among these fruits, blueberry and pomegranate contributed the most significant reductions in the formation of AOM-induced ACF. Anthocyanins have also been shown to inhibit the development of cancer in animals with hereditary predisposition to cancer. (...)

Ursolic acid and its esters have anti cancer effects (01/13/2011)
(...) The anti-inflammatory actions of pentacyclic triterpenoids are well known and structure-activity relationships have been reviewed. For ursolic acid, several studies report anti-inflammatory activities in vivo, primarily observing reduced inflammation in mouse-ear edema models. The effects of ursolic acid on proinflammatory pathways observed in vitro include inhibition of COX-2 catalyzed prostaglandin biosynthesis. (...)

Berry extracts and compounds show anticancer activities (01/13/2011)
(...) Various growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transduce their mitogenic signals through the activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) RTKs are transmembrane proteins that have multiple functional domains, including an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane segment, and intracellular domains, which contain the juxtamembrane segment, the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, and a carboxy-terminal tail. Upon growth factor binding to its specific receptor, mutual transphosphorylation of tyrosine residues within active RTK dimers recruits intracellular proteins endowed with phosphotyrosine-binding domains. Proximal targets of RTKs invoke PI3K/AKT and MAPKs pathways, which leads to further diverse biological responses. (...)

Fruits and vegetables decrease the risk of several chronic diseases (01/13/2011)
(...) Antioxidant activities are positively correlated to antioxidant enzyme activities. Antioxidant enzymes include superoxide dismutatse (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-POD) among others. The main function of these antioxidant enzymes is to neutralize free radicals. (...)

Obesity is a risk factor of esophageal adenocarcinoma (01/13/2011)
(...) In the United States, 16,640 new incident cases of esophageal cancer are estimated to occur in 2010 alongside 14,500 deaths which represent the 7th leading cause of cancer-related deaths among US males. Esophageal cancer mortality statistics nearly parallel the incidence statistics reflecting the insidious nature of this disease, one in which the 5-year survival rates consistently remain under 20%. Clearly, new treatment and preventive strategies are needed to combat the increase of this deadly malignancy. (...)

Berries and their compounds as chemopreventive agents targeting BE or EAC (01/13/2011)
(...) Is specifically the A-type linkages of cranberries that inhibit adhesion of p-fimbriated uropathogenic Escherichia coli to uroepithelial cells inhibiting infection. Other types of PACs with mainly B-type linkages such as those found in apple juice were not significantly inhibitory. The importance of the linkage type is not currently known in terms of cancer prevention, but important to consider. (...)

Oral cancer and chemoprevention with pure berry extracts (01/13/2011)
(...) Since current therapeutic protocols remain modestly effective and physically damaging, it is appropriate that alternative or complementary strategies, such as chemoprevention, be developed and tested in applicable preclinical model systems. These preclinical studies can be translated into early stage clinical investigations and potentially into standard of care practices. The oral cavity is ideally suited for preclinical and clinical chemoprevention studies for several reasons. (...)

How pomegranates help prevent and fight breast cancer (01/13/2011)
(...) Fermented juice polyphenols resulted in 47% inhibition of cancerous lesion formation induced by the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in a murine mammary gland organ culture. Mouse mammary organ cultures were treated with pomegranate fermented juice polyphenols, a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) peak separated from fermented juice or pomegranate seed oil and on day 3, exposed to the carcinogen DMBA, and for 10 days treated with the putative pomegranate preparations. Fermented pomegranate juice resulted in a 42% reduction in the number of lesions compared with control, while the peak separated from the fermented juice and the pomegranate seed oil each resulted in an 87% reduction in number of tumorigenic lesions. (...)

What parts is the back made of (07/27/2010)
(...) The lower cervical spine is convex-shaped. You can usually feel the prominent southernmost vertebra as it meets the shoulders. The neck has the greatest amount of range of motion of the spine. (...)

Exercise protects you from skin cancer and other skin problems (07/09/2010)
(...) Stay in shape Exercise is by far the best way to stay in shape. When you go on a crash diet or cut down your daily kilojoule (calorie) intake, your body doesn't realise that you want to lose weight; instead it mistakes your attempt to lose weight for a shortage of food, and it slows down your metabolism so as not to starve. How much exercise do I need? Although almost everyone knows how important exercise is for a healthy life, most of us just aren't getting the amount of exercise we need. (...)

Public health education must involve advice on preventing skin cancer (06/13/2010)
(...) Screening for melanoma The much higher incidence of melanoma in Australia has led to educational strategies to increase public awareness of risk, primary prevention measures to reduce risk, earlier recognition of abnormal signs in skin lesions, and thus earlier diagnosis. The relative rarity of melanoma outside Australia means that population screening is not cost-effective. However, preliminary studies suggest that selective screening by using practitioner- or patientadministered skin cancer risk scores can identify a cohort of patients at higher risk. (...)

The second most common cutaneous malignancy is the squamous cell carcinoma (06/13/2010)
(...) Lesions are usually asymptomatic, but may be tender. Bleeding often occurs because SCCs invade dermal blood vessels. KAs are epidermal lesions that do not invade the dermis and so do not normally bleed, a useful clinical distinction. (...)

Epidemiology and risk factors for skin cancer (06/12/2010)
(...) It has been proposed that this increasing trend may be an epiphenomenon attributed to earlier detection, better surveillance and changes in diagnostic criteria. However, available evidence suggests much of the rising incidence is real. Mortality rates have also significantly risen over the last 25 years, but at a much slower pace as tumours less than 1 mm in Breslow thickness have a good prognosis. (...)

Prevent skin cancer using sunscreens and sun protective clothes (06/12/2010)
(...) 5 - 1.0 mg/cm2. Application thickness is often uneven, may decrease after water exposure, and re-application may be inadequate. (...)

Risk factors for the most common form of skin cancer (06/12/2010)
(...) BCC mainly affects individuals who have a tendency to sunburn, such as those with fair skin and light eye colour. The exact relationship between sun exposure and the development of BCC is unclear, and certainly more complex than for SCC. For example, relatively sun-protected areas such as behind the ear are affected disproportionately more than heavily sun-exposed areas such as the helix of the ear. (...)

If a man stops loving you because of your breast cancer (02/22/2010)
(...) The mastectomy just further entrenched the possibility that I may be single for the rest of my life. This offers a possibility that another relationship could develop out of friendship, even if attraction is not the catalyst. There are good men out there . (...)

Breast cancer survivors body image issues (02/22/2010)
(...) However, I decided there would be no more sex until I was married again. Since I also have problems with intimacy (with anyone) at times, that hasn't happened. Sometimes I really miss that. (...)

Breast cancer and sexuality is there such thing (02/22/2010)
(...) The problem is that I have not yet accepted the current version of me as the final definition of my best. Hmmm. Okay, guess I just turned on my own light bulb. (...)